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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nomadic</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Nomadic civilization: historical research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nomadic civilization: historical research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3377</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Калмыцкий государственный университет им. Б.Б. Городовикова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53315/2782-3377-2025-5-2-20-39</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nomadic-147</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭТНОГРАФИЯ, ЭТНОЛОГИЯ И АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ETHNOGRAPHY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этническая идентификация казахов по субкладам гаплогруппы Y-хромосомы C2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ethnic identification of the Kazakhs by subclads of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анатолий Матвеевич Тюрин, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук</p><p>Оренбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoliy M. Tyurin, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amturin1952@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тюрин А.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тюрин А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tyurin A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/147">https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/147</self-uri><abstract><p>Гаплогруппы Y-хромосомы (передаются по мужской линии) C2, O и D принято называть монгольскими. У казахов Казахстана 40–52 % носителей гаплогруппы C2, 8 % — O и до 1 % — D. Всего монгольских гаплогрупп у казахов — 49–60 %. По наличию указанных показателей казахи практически не отличаются от калмыков. В гаплогруппе C2 выделено четыре субклада: C2a1a2a-M48(×M504) доминирует у калмыков; C2a1a2b-M48(M504) по частоте у калмаков (джунгары), C2b-F1067 «Халха» доминирует у монголов-халха, и C2-Y10418 «Авары» этнически не идентифицирован. Калмыки и калмаки (джунгары) — монголы-ойраты. Такое распределение частот субкладов позволяет рассмотреть этническую идентификацию казахов, носителей гаплогруппы C2. Нами рассмотрен 21 массив данных популяционной генетики (число тестированных — 6484), характеризующих казахов по регионам проживания, жузам и родам. В этногенез казахов Старшего жуза определяющий вклад внесли калмаки, Младшего — калмыки. Их вклад в генетический портрет родов Среднего жуза дифференцированный. Монголов-халха на территории формирования этноса казахов (восточная часть улуса Джучи и северная часть улуса Чигатая) не имелось. Частоты субклада «Халха» у казахов — на уровне его частот у калмыков. Исключение составляют казахи Туркестанской области, у которых 20 % носителей субклада «Халха». Главный механизм формирования этноса казахов — социальный. Первоначально Казацкие орды формировались так же, как и в Восточной Европе — из отдельных людей, вышедших из разных социальных систем. Позднее отдельные рода ойратов переходили в казацкие орды из жесткой феодальной структуры Калмыцкого и Джунгарского ханств. Второй по значимости механизм — создание совокупности шежире как национального мифа казахов</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Y-chromosome haplogroups (transmitted through the male line) C2, O and D are called Mongolian. Among the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan, 40–52 % are carriers of haplogroup C2, 8 % are carriers of O and up to 1 % are carriers of D. In total, Mongolian haplogroups are 49–60 %. In this indicator, Kazakhs are practically no different from Kalmyks. Four subclades have been identified in haplogroup C2: C2a1a2a-M48(×M504) «Kalmyks» (dominant in frequency among Kalmyks), C2a1a2b-M48(M504) «Kalmaks» (dominant among Kalmaks), C2b-F1067 «Khalkha» (dominant among the Khalkha Mongols) and C2-Y10418 «Avars» (not ethnically identified). Kalmyks and Kalmaks (Dzungars) are Oirat Mongols. Such distribution of subclade frequencies allows ethnic identification of Kazakhs, carriers of haplogroup C2. 21 arrays (number of tested — 6484) of population genetics data characterizing Kazakhs by regions of residence, zhuzes and clans were considered. Kalmaks made a decisive contribution to the ethnogenesis of Kazakhs of the Senior zhuz, Kalmyks — to the Junior zhuz. Their contribution to the genetic portrait of the clans of the Middle zhuz is differentiated. There were no Khalkha Mongols in the territory of formation of the Kazakh ethnic group (the eastern part of the Jochi ulus and the northern part of the Chigatai ulus). The frequencies of the Khalkha subclade among them are at the level of its frequencies among Kalmyks. The exception is the Kazakhs of the Turkestan region. They have 20 % of its carriers. The main mechanism of formation of the Kazakh ethnic group is social. Initially, the Kazakh hordes were formed in the same way as in Eastern Europe. From individuals who came from different social systems. Later, individual Oirat clans moved from the rigid feudal structure of the Kalmyk and Dzungar Khanates to the Kazakh hordes. The second most important mechanism is the creation of the shezhire as a national myth of the Kazakhs</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Казахи</kwd><kwd>монголы-ойраты</kwd><kwd>монголы-халха</kwd><kwd>Y-хромосома</kwd><kwd>гаплогруппа C2</kwd><kwd>субклады</kwd><kwd>этногенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kazakhs</kwd><kwd>Oirat Mongols</kwd><kwd>Khalkha Mongols</kwd><kwd>Y chromosome</kwd><kwd>haplogroup C2</kwd><kwd>subclades</kwd><kwd>ethnogenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аширбеков, Е.Е., Хрунин, А.В., Ботбаев, Д.М. и др. (2018). Молекулярно-генетический анализ популяционной структуры казахского племенного объединения Старший жуз на основе полиморфизма Y-хромосомы. 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