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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nomadic</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Nomadic civilization: historical research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nomadic civilization: historical research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3377</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Калмыцкий государственный университет им. Б.Б. Городовикова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53315/2782-3377-2025-5-4-49-72</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nomadic-168</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭТНОГРАФИЯ, ЭТНОЛОГИЯ И АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ETHNOGRAPHY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этническая идентификация предков аристократических родов казахов – кожа и торе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ethnic identification of the ancestors of the aristocratic family of the kazakhs – kozha and tore</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анатолий Матвеевич Тюрин, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук</p><p>Оренбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tyurin Anatoliy M.,Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences</p><p>Orenburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amturin1952@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тюрин А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тюрин А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tyurin A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/168">https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/168</self-uri><abstract><p>У казахов два аристократических рода — кожа и торе, не входящие в систему жузов. Род кожа, по генеалогическим легендам, ведет своё происхождение от Пророка Мухаммеда, его многочисленных сподвижников, четырёх первых халифов или арабских завоевателей. Торе считаются потомками Чингисхана. По данным популяционной генетики (гаплогруппы Y-хромосомы и их субклады) выполнена этническая идентификация их предков. Предкиарабы с Аравийского полуострова у кожа не выявлены. Предками большинства были «таджики». Эта популяция в прошлом занимала территории Таджикистана, Северного Афганистана, Восточного Ирана. Проживала в городах Сырдарьинского региона, возможно, Ферганской долины, а также междуречья Сырдарьи и Амударьи. Второй компонент рода кожа «монголы». Всего носителей монгольских гаплогрупп (C2, O и D) у них 6,5…31,3 %, в том числе гаплогруппы C2 — 6,5…18,8 %. Эти же два этнических компонента по частотам резко доминируют у торы. Частоты монгольских гаплогрупп 42,9…63,0 %, гаплогруппы C2 — 39,1…63,0 %. Среди носителей её субкладов не имеется потомков монголов халха. Минимально представлены потомки калмыков. Большинство является потомками калмаков и носителей этнически не идентифицированного субклада «Авары». Единственное значимое отличие торе от кожа — у них выше частоты монгольских гаплогрупп, примерно, как у казахов Старшего жуза. Данные популяционной генетики по торе и кожа не соответствуют их генеалогическим легендам.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kazakhs have two aristocratic clans — the Kozha and the Tore, which are not part of the zhuz system. According to genealogical legends, the Kozha trace their descent to the Prophet Muhammad, his many companions, the first four caliphs, or Arab conquerors. The Tore are considered descendants of Genghis Khan. Population genetics (Y-chromosome haplogroups and their subclades) have allowed the ethnic identification of their ancestors. Arab ancestors from the Arabian Peninsula have not been identified among the Kozha. The majority of the ancestors were «Tajiks». This population formerly occupied the territories of Tajikistan, northern Afghanistan, and eastern Iran. They lived in the cities of the Syr Darya region, possibly the Fergana Valley, and also the area between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers. The second component of the Kozha are the «Mongols». Carriers of Mongolian haplogroups (C2, O, and D) account for 6.5–31.3% of them, including haplogroup C2 at 6.5–18.8%. These same two ethnic components are sharply dominant in frequency among the Tore. The frequencies of Mongolian haplogroups range from 42.9–63.0%, and haplogroup C2 at 39.1–63.0%. There are no descendants of the Khalkha Mongols among the carriers of its subclades. Descendants of the Kalmyks are minimally represented. The majority are descendants of the Kalmaks and carriers of the ethnically unidentified «Avar» subclade. The only significant difference between the Tore and the Kozha is that they have higher frequencies of Mongolian haplogroups, approximately the same as the Kazakhs of the Great Zhuz. Population genetic data for the Tore and Kozha do not correspond to their genealogical legends.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Казахи</kwd><kwd>кожа</kwd><kwd>торе</kwd><kwd>популяционная генетика</kwd><kwd>гаплогруппы Y-хромосомы</kwd><kwd>субклады</kwd><kwd>этногенез.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kazakhs</kwd><kwd>Kozha</kwd><kwd>Tore</kwd><kwd>population genetics</kwd><kwd>Y-chromosome haplogroups</kwd><kwd>subclades</kwd><kwd>ethnogenesis.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акимбеков, С.М. (2021). История степей. Феномен государства Чингисхана в истории Евразии. 4-е издание. 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