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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nomadic</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Nomadic civilization: historical research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nomadic civilization: historical research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3377</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Калмыцкий государственный университет им. Б.Б. Городовикова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53315/2782-3377-2026-6-1-46-80</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nomadic-177</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭТНОГРАФИЯ, ЭТНОЛОГИЯ И АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ETHNOGRAPHY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этнические компоненты калмыков и хазарейцев по данным популяционной генетики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ethnic components of Kalmyks and Khazarians according to population genetics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тюрин Анатолий Матвеевич, кандидат геолого-минералогических наук</p><p>Оренбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoliy M. Tyurin, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amturin1952@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тюрин А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тюрин А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tyurin A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/177">https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/177</self-uri><abstract><p>У монголов две популяции — халха и ойраты (восточные и западные). У ойратов тоже две субпопуляции — калмыки и калмаки (джунгары). Калмыки пришли в Северный Прикаспий с территории западной Монголии в первой половине XVII в. Хазарейцы являются потомками калмаков, пришедших на территорию Афганистана в 1759 г., после разгрома империей Цин Джунгарского ханства. В данной статье нами рассмотрены данные популяционной генетики, характеризующие калмыков, хазарейцев, монголов и другие популяции. Они включают частоты гаплогрупп Y-хромосомы и мтДНК, а также аутосомные маркеры. Выделены ассоциации гаплогрупп Y-хромосомы и их субкладов: монгольская, европейская, переднеазиатская, южная, степная и сибирская. Частоты гаплогрупп монгольской ассоциации (C2, O и D) у калмыков — 58,0, 9,6 и 0,8 %, у хазарейцев — 36,0, 4,4 и 0 %, у монголов Монголии (халха и ойраты) — 58,1, 16,7 и 0,8 %. У калмыков и калмаков по частотам доминируют разные субклады гаплогруппы C2 — C2a1a2a-M48 «Калмыки» и C2a1a2b-M504 «Калмаки». У хазарейцев не имеется носителей первого субклада. У калмыков минимальные частоты носителей второго. В этногенезе калмыков приняла участие одна из популяций Тибета (гаплогруппы J2 и R2). Переднеазиатский вклад в их генетический портрет минимальный. В этногенезе хазарейцев — уйгуры (гаплогруппа J2) и популяции Афганистана. Значимый вклад внесли переднеазиатские популяции. Гаплогруппы мтДНК и результаты специальной обработки аутосомных маркеров подтверждают этнические компоненты популяций, выделенные по гаплогруппам Y-хромосомы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Mongols have two populations: the Khalkha and the Oirats (eastern and western). The Oirats also have two subpopulations: the Kalmyks and the Kalmaks (Dzungars). The Kalmyks arrived in the northern Caspian region from western Mongolia in the first half of the 17th century. The Hazaras are descendants of the Kalmaks who arrived in Afghanistan in 1759, after the Qing Empire defeated the Dzungar Khanate. Population genetic data characterizing the Kalmyks, Hazaras, Mongols, and other populations are reviewed. They include Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, as well as autosomal markers. Associations of Y-chromosome haplogroups and their subclades are identified: Mongolian, European, Near Eastern, Southern, Steppe, and Siberian. The frequencies of haplogroups of the Mongolian association (C2, O and D) are 58.0, 9.6 and 0.8% among Kalmyks, 36.0, 4.4 and 0% among Hazaras, and 58.1, 16.7 and 0.8% among the Mongols of Mongolia (Khalkha and Oirats). Different subclades of haplogroup C2 predominate among Kalmyks and Kalmaks in terms of frequencies: C2a1a2a-M48 «Kalmyks» and C2a1a2b-M504 «Kalmaks». The Hazaras do not have carriers of the first subclade. Kalmyks have minimal frequencies of carriers of the second subclade. One of the Tibetan populations (haplogroups J2 and R2) participated in the ethnogenesis of Kalmyks. The Near Eastern contribution to their genetic portrait is minimal. The Hazara people are descended from Uyghurs (haplogroup J2) and Afghan populations. Populations from the Near East also made a significant contribution. MtDNA haplogroups and the results of specialized analysis of autosomal markers confirm the ethnic components of the populations, as determined by Y-chromosome haplogroups.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Калмыки</kwd><kwd>хазарейцы</kwd><kwd>онголы</kwd><kwd>Y-хромосома</kwd><kwd>гаплогруппы</kwd><kwd>субклады</kwd><kwd>этногенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Kalmyks</kwd><kwd>Hazaras</kwd><kwd>Mongols</kwd><kwd>Y-chromosome</kwd><kwd>haplogroups</kwd><kwd>subclades</kwd><kwd>ethnogenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акчурин, М.М., Владимиров, О.О., Салихов, Р.Р., Хакимов, Р.С. (2021). 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