<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nomadic</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Nomadic civilization: historical research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nomadic civilization: historical research</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3377</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Калмыцкий государственный университет им. Б.Б. Городовикова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53315/2782-3377-2026-6-3-149-167</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">nomadic-202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Можно ли обосновать существование другого сознания? Дхармакирти и ратнакирти в контексте аналитической философии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Is it possible to justify the existence of another minds? Dharmakirti and Ratnakirti in the context of analytical philosophy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьёв</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobyev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Воробьёв Валерий Владимирович, кандидат философских наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>Элиста</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valery V. Vorobyev, PhD in Philosophy, Senior Researcher</p><p>Elista</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aristoteleus@yandex.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Калмыцкий государственный университет имени Б.Б. Городовикова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>B.B. Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>149</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Воробьёв В.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Воробьёв В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vorobyev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/202">https://www.nomadic-kalmsu.ru/jour/article/view/202</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена проблеме обоснования существования другого сознания в буддийской эпистемологической традиции и аналитической философии. Исследование сосредоточено на трактатах Дхармакирти «Обоснование чужой одушевленности» и Ратнакирти «Опровержение других потоков сознания». Показано, что буддийская постановка вопроса не предполагает существования субстанциального субъекта: речь идёт о другом причинно непрерывном потоке ментальных событий. Дхармакирти выводит существование такого потока из воспринимаемых проявлений речи и целесообразного действия. Его аргумент сочетает аналогию с причинным заключением от следствия и получает подтверждение через практическую успешность основанного на нём поведения. Ратнакирти возражает, что связь между действием и чужим намерением не может быть установлена независимо, а различение собственного и другого потоков предполагает знание обоих членов отношения. Сопоставление этого спора с аргументом по аналогии Дж. С. Милля, критериальным подходом Л. Витгенштейна и выводом к наилучшему объяснению позволяет различить онтологическую достоверность и эпистемическую обоснованность. Делается вывод, что существование другого сознания нельзя доказать с аподиктической строгостью, однако его признание рационально оправдано на конвенциональном уровне как наиболее сильное объяснение независимого, осмысленного и ответного поведения других существ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the justification of belief in other minds in the Buddhist epistemological tradition and analytic philosophy. It focuses on Dharmakīrti’s Proof of Other Mindstreams and Ratnakīrti’s Refutation of Other Mindstreams. The Buddhist formulation does not presuppose a substantial subject: what is at issue is another causally continuous stream of mental events. Dharmakīrti infers such a stream from perceived manifestations of speech and purposive action. His argument combines analogy with causal inference from an effect and is validated through the practical success of behaviour based on it. Ratnakīrti objects that the connection between action and another person’s intention cannot be independently established, while the distinction between one’s own and another stream already presupposes knowledge of both relata. Comparing this debate with J. S. Mill’s argument from analogy, L. Wittgenstein’s criterial approach, and inference to the best explanation makes it possible to distinguish ontological certainty from epistemic justification. The article argues that the existence of another mind cannot be demonstrated with apodictic certainty. Nevertheless, belief in other minds is rationally warranted at the conventional level because it provides the strongest explanation of the independent, meaningful, and responsive behaviour of other living beings.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Другое сознание</kwd><kwd>чужое сознание</kwd><kwd>поток сознания</kwd><kwd>сантана</kwd><kwd>Дхармакирти</kwd><kwd>Ратнакирти</kwd><kwd>буддийская эпистемология</kwd><kwd>аналитическая философия</kwd><kwd>вывод по аналогии</kwd><kwd>солипсизм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Other minds</kwd><kwd>mindstream</kwd><kwd>santāna</kwd><kwd>Dharmakīrti</kwd><kwd>Ratnakīrti</kwd><kwd>Buddhist epistemology</kwd><kwd>analytic philosophy</kwd><kwd>argument from analogy</kwd><kwd>inference to the best explanation</kwd><kwd>solipsism</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Фонда содействия буддийскому образованию и исследованиям, проект «Феномен сознания в буддийской философии в компаративистском контексте»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьёв, В. В. (2019). Конституирование другого сознания в буддизме и феноменологии. Научная мысль Кавказа , 4(100), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.18522/2072-0181-2019-100-4-37-42</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Austin, J. L. (1946). Other minds. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 20, 148–187.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьёв, В. В. (2026). Сознание как взаимозависимый процесс: от реализма Абхидхармы к конструктивистским интерпретациям в поздней буддийской философии. Вестник Калмыцкого университета , 2(70), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.53315/1995-0713-2026-70-2-138-143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avramides, A. (2001). Other Minds. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дхармакирти. (1922). Обоснование чужой одушевленности: с толкованием Винитадевы (Ф. И. Щербатской, пер.). Петроград: Типография имени Ивана Федорова.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cassam, Q. (2007). Other minds. The Possibility of Knowledge. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 155–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208319.003.0005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Канаева, Н. А. (2011). Логика буддийская. Философия буддизма: энциклопедия . Москва: Восточная литература. 403–411.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cavell, S. (1979). The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лысенко, В. Г. (2011). Непосредственное и опосредованное восприятие: спор между буддийскими и брахманистскими философами (медленное чтение текстов). Москва: ИФ РАН.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chakrabarti, A. (2011). Troubles with a second self: The problem of other minds in 11th-century Indian and 20th-century Western philosophy. Argument, 1(1), 23–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербатской, Ф. И. (1995). Теория познания и логика по учению позднейших буддистов. Ч. 1: «Учебник логики» Дхармакирти с толкованием Дхармоттары. Санкт-Петербург: АСТА-ПРЕСС LTD.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dharmakīrti. (1922). Obosnovanie chuzhoi odushevlennosti: s tolkovaniem Vinītadevy [Proof of other mindstreams: With Vinītadeva’s commentary] (F. I. Shcherbatskoi, Trans.). Petrograd: Tipografiya imeni Ivana Fedorova (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Austin, J. L. (1946). Other minds. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 20, 148–187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunne, J. D. (2004). Foundations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy. Boston: Wisdom Publications.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avramides, A. (2001). Other Minds. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ganeri, J. (2012). The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cassam, Q. (2007). Other minds. The Possibility of Knowledge . Oxford: Clarendon Press. 155–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208319.003.0005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henkel, J. E. (2012). How to avoid solipsism while remaining an idealist: Lessons from Berkeley and Dharmakīrti. Comparative Philosophy, 3(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.31979/2151-6014(2012).030107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cavell, S. (1979). The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyslop, A., &amp; Jackson, F. C. (1972). The analogical inference to other minds. American Philosophical Quarterly, 9(2), 168–176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chakrabarti, A. (2011). Troubles with a second self: The problem of other minds in 11th-century Indian and 20th-century Western philosophy. Argument , 1(1), 23–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inami, M. (2001). The problem of other minds in the Buddhist epistemological tradition. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 29(4), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013151011789</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunne, J. D. (2004). Foundations of Dharmakīrti’s Philosophy. Boston: Wisdom Publications.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kachru, S. (2019). Ratnakīrti and the extent of inner space: An essay on Yogācāra and the threat of genuine solipsism. Sophia, 58(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-019-0707-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ganeri, J. (2012). The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kajiyama, Y. (1965). Buddhist solipsism: A free translation of Ratnakīrti’s Saṃtānāntaradūṣaṇa. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 13(1), 420–435. https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.13.435</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henkel, J. E. (2012). How to avoid solipsism while remaining an idealist: Lessons from Berkeley and Dharmakīrti. Comparative Philosophy, 3(1), 58–73. https://doi.org/10.31979/2151-6014(2012).030107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanaeva, N. A. (2011). Logika buddiiskaya [Buddhist logic]. In M. T. Stepanyants (Ed.), Filosofiya buddizma: entsiklopediya [Philosophy of Buddhism: An encyclopedia]. 403–411. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyslop, A., &amp; Jackson, F. C. (1972). The analogical inference to other minds. American Philosophical Quarterly , 9(2), 168–176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysenko, V. G. (2011). Neposredstvennoe i oposredovannoe vospriyatie: spor mezhdu buddiiskimi i brakhmanistskimi filosofami (medlennoe chtenie tekstov) [Direct and indirect perception: A debate between Buddhist and Brahmanical philosophers]. Moscow: Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inami, M. (2001). The problem of other minds in the Buddhist epistemological tradition. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 29(4), 465–483. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013151011789</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDowell, J. (1982). Criteria, defeasibility, and knowledge. Proceedings of the British Academy, 68, 455–479.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kachru, S. (2019). Ratnakīrti and the extent of inner space: An essay on Yogācāra and the threat of genuine solipsism. Sophia, 58(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11841-019-0707-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Melnyk, A. (1994). Inference to the best explanation and other minds. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 72(4), 482–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048409412346281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kajiyama, Y. (1965). Buddhist solipsism: A free translation of Ratnakīrti’s Saṃtānāntaradūṣaṇa. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 13(1), 420–435. https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.13.435</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mill, J. S. (1979). An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy. In J. M. Robson (Ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Vol. 9). Toronto: University of Toronto Press (Original work published 1865).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDowell, J. (1982). Criteria, defeasibility, and knowledge. Proceedings of the British Academy , 68, 455–479.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pargetter, R. (1984). The scientific inference to other minds. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 62(2), 158–163.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Melnyk, A. (1994). Inference to the best explanation and other minds. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 72(4), 482–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048409412346281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perrett, R. W. (2017). Buddhist idealism and the problem of other minds. Asian Philosophy, 27(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2017.1284372</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mill, J. S. (1979). An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy. In J. M. Robson (Ed.), The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Vol. 9). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (Original work published 1865)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryle, G. (2009). The Concept of Mind: 60th Anniversary Edition. London: Routledge (Original work published 1949).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pargetter, R. (1984). The scientific inference to other minds. Australasian Journal of Philosophy , 62(2), 158–163.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma, R. K. (1985). Dharmakīrti on the existence of other minds. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 13(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perrett, R. W. (2017). Buddhist idealism and the problem of other minds. Asian Philosophy , 27(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552367.2017.1284372</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcherbatskoi, F. I. (1995). Teoriya poznaniya i logika po ucheniyu pozdneishikh buddistov. Ch. 1: “Uchebnik logiki” Dharmakirti s tolkovaniem Dharmottary [Epistemology and logic according to the later Buddhists. Part 1: Dharmakīrti’s handbook of logic with Dharmottara’s commentary]. St. Petersburg: ASTA-PRESS LTD (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryle, G. (2009). The Concept of Mind: 60th Anniversary Edition. London: Routledge. (Original work published 1949)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thakur, A. (Ed.). (1957). Ratnakīrti-nibandhāvalī: Buddhist Nyāya Works of Ratnakīrti. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma, R. K. (1985). Dharmakīrti on the existence of other minds. Journal of Indian Philosophy , 13(1), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorob’ev, V. V. (2019). Konstituirovanie drugogo soznaniya v buddizme i fenomenologii [Constitution of the other mind in Buddhism and phenomenology]. Nauchnaya mysl’ Kavkaza, 4(100), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.18522/2072-0181-2019-100-4-37-42 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thakur, A. (Ed.). (1957). Ratnakīrti-nibandhāvalī: Buddhist Nyāya Works of Ratnakīrti. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorob’ev, V. V. (2026). Soznanie kak vzaimozavisimyi protsess: ot realizma Abhidharmy k konstruktivistskim interpretatsiyam v pozdnei buddiiskoi filosofii [Consciousness as an interdependent process: From Abhidharma realism to constructivist interpretations in late Buddhist philosophy]. Vestnik Kalmytskogo universiteta, 2(70), 138–143. https://doi.org/10.53315/1995-0713-2026-70-2-138-143 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittgenstein, L. (2009). Philosophical Investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker, &amp; J. Schulte, Trans.; 4th ed.) . Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittgenstein, L. (2009). Philosophical Investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, P. M. S. Hacker, &amp; J. Schulte, Trans.; 4th ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
