Transformation of traditional nomadic societies of the Caspian region in the context of socio-economic policy of the Soviet state in 1920–1930: the current state of the issue
https://doi.org/10.53315/2782-3377-2021-1-3-65-78
Abstract
At the present stage, the study of nomadic formations of the past arouses unflagging interest among Russian and foreign scientists. Their research reflects the history of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. However, it is possible to single out a rather limited number of scientific works in their subject matter and chronological framework, in which the transformation of the traditional nomadic societies of the Caspian region is considered in the context of the socio-economic policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s-1930s. Scientific research on the transformation of traditional nomadic societies in the Caspian region is distinguished by a variety of topics and multidimensional problems. The scope of the study of the history and culture of nomads is wide (from the emergence of nomadic pastoralism, its flourishing, status in the Soviet years and up to the present state in the context of globalization). The relevance of the stated problems is due to the socio-political demand for a balanced approach to our common past in the context of the Eurasian integration process. The questions posed have not been sufficiently studied scientifically (for all the richness of historiography!). Within the framework of this article, the authors tried to analyze the previously expressed judgments on the indicated problems and, relying on an objective assessment of the current state of historiography, to formulate those principles that could form the theoretical and methodological basis for further research.
About the Authors
E. N. Badmaeva
Kalmyk State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Badmaeva Ekaterina Nikolayevna, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor
Elista
E. U. Omakaeva
Kalmyk State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Omakaeva Ellara Ulyaevna, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor
Elista
References
1. Abeeva, O.N. (2012). The management system of the Caspian nomads in the XIX century (based on the materials of Kalmykia). Bulletin of the Caspian: archeology, history, ethnology. 2012. No. 3. 77–86.
2. Absemetov, M.O., Zinoviev, V.P. (2016). On the question of the peculiarities of the modernization process of Kazakhstan in the 1920s–1940s. Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History. No. 410. 19–23.
3. Akimbekov, S. (2021). Kazakhs between revolution and famine. Almaty: Institute of Asian Studies LLP.
4. Alzhapparova, B.K. (2019). From the history of migrations in Central Kazakhstan (late 1920s–early 1930s). Edu.e-history.kz. No. 3(19). 15–25.
5. Andrianov, B.V. (1982). Some remarks on definitions and terminology of cattle breeding. Soviet Ethnography. No. 4. 76–80.
6. Aristov, N.A. (2003). Works on the history and ethnic composition of the Turkic tribes / Ed. academician V.M. Ploskikh. Bishkek: Ilim.
7. Artykbayev, J.O. (2005). The nomads of Eurasia in the kaleidoscope of centuries and millennia. St-Petersburg: Major.
8. Badmaev, V.N. (2016). Culture of nomadic peoples: on the methodology of the question. Bulletin of the Kalmyk University. No. 1(29). 80–87.
9. Badmaeva, E.N. (2017). Historical experience of the formation and development of public administration bodies in Kalmykia in 1917–1943. Elista: KalmSC RAS.
10. Badmaeva, E.N. (2018). Everyday life of the Russian peasantry in the 1920s–1930s: historiography of the issue. Magna adsurgit: historia studiorum. No. 1. 77–91.
11. Badmaeva, E.N. (2019). Difficulties and contradictions in modeling the image of a “new woman” in Kalmykia in 1920–1930. Bulletin of the Kalmyk University. 2019. No.3(43). 6–12.
12. Batyrov, V.V. (2018). The system of traditional nomads of the Volga Kalmyks in the XVIII–first half of the XIX centuries. Elista, KalmSC RAS.
13. Burnham, P. (1979). Spatial Mobility and Political Centralization in Pastoral Societies. Pastoral Production and Society. New York: Cambridge University Press. 349–360.
14. Gumilev, L. N. (1989). Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. Moscow: Expo.
15. Gumilev, L. N. (1972). Climate change and migration of nomads. Nature. No. 4. 44–52.
16. Gumilev, L. N. (1960). Xiongnu: Central Asia in ancient times. Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature.
17. Gumilev, L. N. (1973). Ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the Earth: abstract diss. for the degree of Doctor of Geographical Sciences. Leningrad: [B. I.].
18. Gumilev, L.N. (1989). Ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the Earth. L.: Publishing House of LSU.
19. Kadysova, R.J. (2004). Soviet modernization of Kazakhstan (1917–1940): historiography of the problem. Almaty: SIC “Gylym”.
20. Kaziev, S.S. (2014). The main directions of the national policy of the Soviet state in Kazakhstan (1920–1929). Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History. No. 5 (31). 51–56.
21. Kalinovskaya K.P. (1989). Pastoralists of East Africa in the XIX–XX centuries. Economy and social organization. Moscow: Nauka.
22. Kappeler, A. (1992). Moskau und die Steppe: das Verhaitnis zu den Nogai–Tataren im 16. Jahrhundert. Forschungen zur osteurop Sischen Geschichte. Bd. 46. Berlin. 87–105.
23. Krader, L. (1978). The origin of state among the nomads of Asia. The Early State. The Hague, Paris, New York. 93–107.
24. Khazanov, A. M. (1981). The early Stale among the Eurasian nomads. The Study of the Stale. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. 156–173.
25. Khazanov, A.M. (1984). Nomads and the Outside World. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
26. Khazanov, A. M. (2008). Nomads and the Outside World. 4th edition, St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House.
27. Khazanov, A.M., Shapiro, K. (2005). Comtemporary Pastoralism in Central Asia. Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sendentary World. Leiden-Boston, Brill. 503-534.
28. Khodarkovsky, M. (1992). Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600-1771. Ithaca; NY, Cornell University Press.
29. Khodarkovsky, M. (2019). Steppe frontiers of Russia: how the colonial empire was created. 1500–1800. Moscow: New Literary Review.
30. Kidirniyazov, D. S. (2000). Nogais in the XVII–XVIII centuries. (Problems of political, economic and cultural relations with neighboring countries and peoples). Makhachkala.
31. Kidirniyazov, D.S. (2019). Nogai-Kalmyk relations in the context of the Caucasian policy of Russia in the mid-XVII–early 20s of the XVIII centuries. Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. No. 74. 28–36.
32. Kindler, R. (2017). Stalin’s nomads. Power and hunger in Kazakhstan. Moscow: ROSSPEN.
33. Klyashtorny, S. G. (1986). The main features of the social culture of the ancient Turkic states of Central Asia (VI–X centuries). Classes and estates in pre-capitalist societies of Asia. Problems of social mobility. Moscow: Nauka. 217–228.
34. Korotaev, A., Kradin, N. N., Lynsha, V. (2000). Alternatives to social evolution (introductory remarks). Alternative paths to civilization. Collective monograph. M.: Logos. 24–83.
35. Kosakov (1932). On the settling of the nomadic and semi-nomadic population of the Soviet East. Revolution and Nationalities. No. 5. 49–58
36. Kradin, N.N. (1995). Chiefdom: the current state and problems of study. Early forms of political organization: from primitiveness to statehood / Ed. V.A. Popov. Moscow: Oriental Literature. 11–61.
37. Kradin, N.N. (2006). Nomads, world-empires and social evolution. The Early state, its alternatives and analogues. Collection of scientific articles. 490–511.
38. Kundakbayeva, J.B. (2019). Modernization of the early Soviet era in the destinies of women in Kazakhstan. 1920–1930. Almaty: Kazak University.
39. Lidzhieva, I.V. (2016). Local self-government of the Kalmyks in the XIX century–early XX centuries (historical and ethnographic aspect). Elista, KalmSC RAS.
40. Magomaev, V.H., Kidirniyazov, D.S. (2017). Nogais in the North Caucasian historical process in the XVI–XX centuries. Terrible.
41. Markov, G. E., Masanov, N. E. (1985). The significance of relative concentration and dispersion in the economic and social organization of nomadic peoples. Bulletin of the Moscow State University. Historical serie. No. 4. 86–96.
42. Martynov, A.O. (1988). On the development of statehood among the ancient peoples of Siberia. Izvestia of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ser. History, philology and philosophy. Vol.1. 3.
43. Masanov, N.E. (1995). Nomadic civilization of the Kazakhs: the basics of nomadic society. Almaty-Moscow: Socinvest.
44. Maximov, K.N. (2002). Kalmykia in national politics, the system of power and management of Russia (XVII–XX centuries). Moscow: Nauka.
45. Musagalieva, A.S. (2014). Sources of political repression in Kazakhstan. Saarbrucken: Palmarium Academic Publishing.
46. Ogayon, Isabel O. (2009). Sedentarization of Kazakhs of the USSR under Stalin. Collectivization and social change. (1928–1945). Translated from the French by A. T. Rakishev. Almaty: Sanat.
47. Pelensky, J. (1974). Russia and Kazan: Conquest and Imperial Ideology (1438–1560s). The Hague– Paris: Mouton.
48. Pogorelsky, P. (1934). Introduction. Settling of nomadic and semi-nomadic farms of Kyrgyzstan. Moscow: Central Bureau of Local Lore. 7–41.
49. Pulaski, K. (1881). K. Stosunki z Mendli-Girejem, chanem tatar6w perekopskich (1469–1515). Krakow; Warszawa, Typography of Wl. Lozinski.
50. Radlov, V.V. (1882). Mythology and worldview of Altai residents. Eastern Outlook. № 7–8.
51. Radlov, V.V. (1883). Mythology and worldview of Altai residents. Eastern Review. No. 8.
52. Shaislamov, A.R. (2008). Problems and assessments of the socio-historical development of nomadic societies in modern Russian historiography. Izvestiya Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. a.I. Herzen. 2008. No. 85. 89–94.
53. Shumakova, E. V. (2004). Peasants and nomads of the Pre-Caucasus in the socio-cultural zones of steppe Stavropol: experience of interaction. People and power: Historical sources and research methods. Moscow. 378–381.
54. Tepkeev, V.T. (2014). Kalmyks in the Northern Caspian Region in the second third of the XVII century: problems of political relations. Elista: KIGI RAS.
55. The Imperial policy of acculturation and the problem of colonialism (on the example of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Russian Empire) (2019) / Scientific ed. S. V. Lyubichankovsky. Collective monograph. Orenburg: Orenburg State Agrarian University.
56. Trepavlov, V.V. (2015). Steppe Empires of Eurasia: Mongols and Tatars. Moscow: Quadriga.
57. Vasyutin, S. (2005). Faces of Power (on the question of the nature of power in nomadic empires). The Mongol Empire and the nomadic world. Collection of scientific articles. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 56–71.
58. Volkhonsky, M.A., Sklykapov, A.A. (2020). Nogai Steppe as a cultural landscape: problems of identification and study. Ural Historical Bulletin. No. 2 (67). 61–70.
59. Weinstein, S.I. (1991). The world of nomads of Asia. Moscow: Nauka.
60. Zaionchkovsky, A. (1969). «Chronicle of the Kipchak Steppe» (Tevarikh-i desht-i Kipchak) as a source on the history of Crimea. Eastern sources on the history of the peoples of Southeastern and Central Europe. Ed. by A. S. Tveritinov. Part 2. Moscow. 10–28.
61. Zveryakov, I.A. (1932). From nomadism to socialism. Alma-Ata- Moscow.
Review
For citations:
Badmaeva E.N., Omakaeva E.U. Transformation of traditional nomadic societies of the Caspian region in the context of socio-economic policy of the Soviet state in 1920–1930: the current state of the issue. Nomadic civilization: historical research. 2021;1(3):65-78. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.53315/2782-3377-2021-1-3-65-78
Views:
349
Email this article 