The article examines the development of horse breeding among the Kalmyks, Turkmens and Nogais in the 19th–early 20th centuries in the context of natural and climatic factors. The author analyzes the problems of developing the most important type of animal husbandry — horse breeding, which occupies one of the significant places in the economy of nomads, closely connected with their way of life. The object of the study is horse breeding among nomadic peoples in expanded historical dynamics. The presented scientific publication is based on archival materials. The chronological framework covers the time period from the 19th to the early 20th centuries. The article is written on the basis of a wide range of published and unpublished written sources, many of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. These are mainly regulatory, legislative and current materials that provide valuable information on the history of horse breeding in the places of residence of nomads: Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens. It has been proven that in the conditions of traditional life of nomadic cattle breeders in the imperial period, in the course of inter-farm interaction over a long period of time, horse breeding underwent qualitatively improved changes, connected with other horse breeds.

This article provides a brief analysis of the water resources of Kalmykia in relation to the history of the fishing industry in the region in the lower reaches of the Volga and mainly in the Caspian region. Aquatic biological resources, especially fish, play a significant social and economic role among all the natural resources of our country. In the modern period, the fishing industry still plays a huge role in the development of the national economy of the Russian Federation. The GDP of Russia and the GRP of the subjects of the Federation, food security of the country, social well-being of our citizens depend on how the Russian fishing industry will develop as a whole and in its regions, since fish products are an important and necessary component of healthy nutrition and human life. The purpose of the article is to show the complex process of the emergence and development of the fishing industry of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region using the example of Kalmykrybtrest in the 1920s. In the modern period of development of the country’s market economy, the study of the historical experience of the emergence and development of the fishing industry of Kalmykia in the context of the new economic policy is very relevant from the point of view of the organization of the fishing business and management methods. The use of historical and problemchronological methods in the work allowed us to highlight the history of the formation of the fishing industry of Kalmykia in the first decade of Soviet power, to show the features of its development. The article is based on various sources, mainly on archival materials and published works on the history of the fishing industry of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region. The focus of the study is the study and analysis of party and state decisions of the center, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region and the Astrakhan province in the 1920s, aimed at the territorial definition of fisheries and the search for optimal ways of developing the fishing industry of the steppe region. One of the timely and correct decisions of the federal and regional authorities was the organization in 1923 of the Kalmrybaktrest, whose activities are thoroughly discussed in this article.

Two major migrations of Mongols outside the territory of Mongolia are known. The first was in the process of the Mongol conquests of the XIII century. The second is the transition of the Oirat Mongols from Western Mongolia to Xinjiang, Semirechye and the Northern Caspian region in the first half of the XVII century, with the formation of the Dzungarian and Kalmyk khanates. There was also migration of Kalmaks (Dzungars) from the territory of the Dzungarian Khanate to other regions after its defeat by China in 1755-59. Within the framework of population genetics, two subpopulations are distinguished among the Mongols: the Oirat Mongols and the Khalkha Mongols (western and eastern Mongols). Both subpopulations participated in the first migration, and only the OiratMongols participated in the second and third. In terms of frequencies, different subclades of the Y-chromosome C haplogroup dominate in subpopulations. Based on this, it is possible to set the task of separately searching for genetic traces of Mughal migration in the XIII century, as well as Oirat migrations in the XVII and XVIII centuries in the gene pool of populations of Eastern Europe and Asian regions. The subclades of haplogroup C are allocated in the YTree Tree: C-Y11591 «Sungir», C-K281 «Kostenki», C-M8574 «Unidentified», C-Y10418 «Avars», C-M48 «Kalmyks», C-M504 «Khazarians» and C-F1067 «Mongols-Khalkha (?)». Their ethnogeography is considered. The subclades «Kalmyks» and «Khazarians» are Oirat. The subclade «Mongols-Khalkha (?)» presumably refers to the Khalkha Mongols. Genetic traces of the migration of the Oirat Mongols in the XVII and XVIII centuries have been revealed the Tatars of Tatarstan, Tomsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan regions. Tatars, carriers of haplogroup C, are their descendants.

This article was written by the author based on the original materials of the field research conducted in 2015-2017 at the Shibahua Ruins Bayantaria Gorge, Horqing Left Hand Cape, Tongliao City, China’s National Autonomous Region. The article will talk about the kinship system and the change in the pronunciation of the relatives of the Khorchin Mongols, who are engaged in farming in the eastern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and have been greatly influenced by Chinese culture. Genealogy and kinship systems are very difficult to define and are very interesting objects of study. The systematization of the material in the most formal description is a matter for the more distant future. This time, the author made a tripartite conclusion about the meaning and capabilities of the kinship system (1. Fear of belonging; 2. Rights and responsibilities; 3. Activity) about the meaning and capabilities of the kinship system, which was evaluated by the researchers. tried to analyze the problem of understanding and being a model of what is understood in understanding) on the example of Khorkhin Mongols. In order to make the article understandable to all readers, the diagram of the kinship system of Inner Mongolia in the first half of the 20th century is included alongside the diagram of the kinship system of the present day.

This article is the English translation of Japanese original text “Mongol ni okeru Ineka no Minzoku bunrui” written by Yuki Konagaya and others published in 2024 in “Japan and Mongolia” (58: 139-157). In this article, the authors clarified the naming characteristics of Poaceae by comparing the Mongolian names and the academic names. While scientific names are hierarchical and do not overlap, folk names can be classified and named by ears or tip, awns, roots, at the same time, therefore multiple plant names can be used as one species.

The article is devoted to identifying the national and cultural specifics of Kalmyk and Mongolian personal names. Anthroponymy has great educational and cultural-historical value. It is a kind of history of the life of an ethnic group, a real encyclopedia of folk life, conveying its unique flavor, the originality of material and spiritual culture, unwritten rules of behavior in the family and society. The study of the features of personal names is especially productive within the framework of linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics. The object of the study is anthroponymic linguocultural codes, the subject is anthroponyms as their representatives. Personal names of Kalmyks and Mongols are closely related to the material and spiritual culture of nomads. Many anthroponyms arose as a result of the onymization of appellative vocabulary (names of animals and plants, Buddhist terms, etc.), as well as transonymization (the transition of theonyms into anthroponyms). Personal names are of particular interest to the author both from the point of view of their special role in the onomastic space and from the point of view of their representation in the languages serving Buddhist culture (in particular, in Kalmyk and Mongolian). The article provides a semantic and etymological analysis of anthroponyms in the context of the birth rite among the Kalmyks. It is shown that this class of borrowed onomastic vocabulary deserves a systematic description taking into account the Buddhist context, and, accordingly, the Sanskrit-Tibetan parallels. Most of the considered names are descriptive names and desirative names, they are representatives of basic linguocultural codes (primarily biomorphic, abstract and spiritual-religious).

In this article, the authors propose the study revealed that we need to search for the biographies and books of the remaining Mongolian lama. Luvsanjambaa is one of the Mongolian lamas (monks) who wrote many books and works in the Tibetan language and a disciple of the Dalai Günii Khüree, who lived from the last half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The contents of his books indicate that Luvsanjambaa is a person who has the talent to write books and the ability to teach. He wrote his books for the Mongolian VIII Bogd Agvaan Luvsan Choijinnyam Danzin Vanchüg, Bigchüsumadi, Lama Luvsan Chimed Dorj, Namjal Sodnom Vanchüg , Dagva Luvsan, Tsorj lama Luvsan Tseveen Ravdan of the Western Monastery (Shangkh Monastery was located in Kharkhorin soum area of Ӧverkhangai province of present-day Mongolia) and respecting them as teachers. Among the books and works of these high lamas, the books of the VIII Bogd Agvaan Luvsan Choijinnyam Danzin Vanchüg, lama Luvsan Chimed Dorj and Namjal Sodnom Vanchüg, and the Tsorj lama Luvsan Tseveen Ravdan of the Western Monastery have now entered the circulation of current academic research. Also, it is clear that Luvsanjamba’s books written in the Tibetan language are valuable materials for the history of Mongolian religion, the study of religious rituals, and the study of Mongolian historical literature written in Tibetan.