It is officially believed that the ancient Turkic script, called runic for its resemblance to the Scandinavian runes, existed in the period from the VI century AD to the X century AD, after which it ceased to be used, and it was practically forgotten. The Runic script of the Turks is not a common Turkic script, since its area of distribution is limited to the Minusinsk basin, the upper reaches of the Yenisei, Altai, the upper reaches of the Orkhon River and the Tola River in Mongolia. It is also represented by Turfan manuscripts and a few monuments in the Talas River valley and in Ferghana. These monuments are not precisely dated in time, the interpretation of many of them is very difficult, and in many cases we are not dealing with full-fledged translations, but, often, with the translator’s own interpretation of the text. The good preservation of many monuments indicates their relatively late origin. Most likely, these monuments belong to the XV–XVI centuries. As for the largest group of monuments — the Yenisei and Altai, they belong to the period of existence of the tribal formation of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khongorai of the XVI–XVII centuries, which ceased to exist in 1703, when its population was mostly forcibly resettled to Dzungaria by its ruler Tsevan-Rabdan

In this article, the author presents his research into the history of ancient Oirat-Turkic communities, analysis of toponyms and basic concepts found in the text of “THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS” translated by S.A. Kozin, completed in 1941. The new perception of the text of the monument is due to the fact that , according to the author, for completely objective reasons, the study of S.A. Kozin could have been influenced by the policies of the Stalinist leadership, which actively interfered with the scientific activities of scientists and set political guidelines in historical science. The unceremonious interference of party bodies in science led to the distortion of scientific truth; it impeded the study of the social system of the state created by Genghis Khan. The author of the article emphasizes that the history of Genghis Khan’s empire is still not only extremely insufficiently studied, but is also considered in the limited space of translations published in the 18th-20th centuries. during the Stalinist period, when ideological censorship dominated scientists. In line with the above, the author aims to give his analysis of the Russian-language text of “THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS” published in 1941, and also compares and uses translations of Kazakh authors from Mongolia and the achievements of historical science in recent years. At the same time, the author of the article notes the enormous work and brilliant translation of S.A. Kozin

There are many facts related to the history of Mongolian migration and settlement. One of them is the Great Migration of the Torguds, which took place 254 years ago. Today is a historic day to commemorate the great migration of the Torguds. Uvsh Khan gathered 80,000 troops and announced that he would move towards Dzhungar, and gave them the task of capturing all the rears living along the banks of the Izhili River. On January 5, 1771, on the night before the great migration, a terrible snowstorm broke out and the ice of the Izhyl river broke, and the whales living on the west coast could not obey the khan’s orders and remained there. This great migration of the Torguds lasted for 7 months and covered 4,000 km. They were weakened and died from many bloodshed wars and starvation, and only 125000 of the 400000 Torguds set foot in Dzhungar Gobi. At least all the wells on their way were poisoned. The Manchu king welcomed them with a festive atmosphere and divided Dzungar Gobi into 10 provinces and subjugated them to Torguds. 15,000 households or about 70,000 Torguds remained on the west bank of the Izhyl River

Studying the health status of the population is important and necessary, since this factor is one of the main indicators of a person’s social well-being. General or partial population censuses play an important role in obtaining the necessary information on this issue and taking government measures in the field of health and demography. The main purpose of this article is to study the health status of the population living in the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province, based on the published materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. They were also the main source of this study. The program of materials for the said All-Russian Population Census, in particular, contained a question about the “obsession with physical disabilities” of the respondents. According to the current Russian legislation, these were recognized as those who were blind in both eyes, deaf-mute, dumb and insane (feeble-minded) from birth or who became so at a certain age. Information about them should have been appropriately reflected in the census forms. The compilers of the census materials limited themselves to including the physical characteristics of a person as a necessary component in three tables containing information about the family-age, linguistic and class composition of the Russian population. The information obtained during the census for the Astrakhan province shows that, in accordance with the results of the census tables, almost the entire population of the above province at the time of the census was practically healthy, with the exception of 0.32%, who were persons with disabilities. In the Kalmyk steppe, this figure was 0.38% of the total population, of which the majority, according to class, were foreigners. Of the 138,572 Kalmyks who lived in the province as a whole, there were only 543 unhealthy people with certain physical ailments; in the Kalmyk steppe, respectively, out of 122,573 Kalmyks - 480 people, i.e. 63 people stayed outside of nomad’s camp.
Our comprehensive analysis of the materials from the general population census of 1897 made it possible to give a true, as far as possible under those conditions, picture of the health status of the population of the Astrakhan province and the Kalmyk steppe at the end of the 19th century.

The article highlights the issues of Kalmyks overcoming the consequences of the destruction of the nomadic system after the liquidation of the Kalmyk Khanate in 1771, which caused the massive ruin of Kalmyk nomadic families. In the 19th century, the policy of the Russian administration was aimed at the sedenterization of the Kalmyks, as well as the resettlement of peasants from the provinces of the Central Chernozem region to the Kalmyk steppe, which made it impossible for the traditional pastoral life support system of the Kalmyks to function due to the reduction of pasture territories. Since the second half of the XIX century. The Kalmyk population began to apply new adaptive strategies for survival, which led to the development of measures to adapt cattle breeding to the adverse conditions of “land famine”. The essence of this innovative strategy was the transition to semi-nomadic cattle breeding, depending on geographical and ethnocultural factors. The main measures to intensify cattle breeding among the Kalmyks were the construction of hydraulic structures for the extraction of groundwater on the routes of nomads, the construction of shelters for livestock, as well as hay harvesting in winter areas. Among other things, the above-mentioned adaptation strategy made it impossible for large ethnic groups to roam together and led to their fragmentation into smaller ones in order to be able to roam in small tribal groups in a small territory within their ulus. At the same time, all the innovations that occurred in Kalmyk cattle breeding during the second half of the XIX century. as part of the adaptation strategy, although they helped the Kalmyk people survive, they could not ensure its stable development. This semisedentary form of cattle breeding turned out to be vulnerable to any natural disasters in conditions of constant lack of water supply and lack of access to hayfields

The modernization processes in economic policy that took place in the early years in Soviet Russia significantly influenced the gold mining situation, including in the field of circulation of precious metals and precious stones, which was in a depressed state. In the presented scientific publication, the authors examine the state policy of the state in relation to precious metals and precious stones as the most important factor in solving economic problems in the early 1920s. Based on generally accepted international requirements and standards for gold currencies, their integral role in the global monetary system is assessed. This is, first of all, monetary circulation; financial interaction with foreign countries and settlements with them; loan guarantees and repayment of external debt, as well as the formation of a mobilization foreign exchange reserve. Using the example of the territories of the South of Russia, including the nomadic Kalmyk people, it is shown in detail that the Soviet state, as a result of extreme measures — voluntaryforced confiscation of precious metals and stones, managed to contribute to the fight against the famine disaster and at the same time replenish the state treasury. It has been proven that by 1923 the external foreign currency debt and budget deficit had decreased; the country’s gold reserves began to increase; a single center for the management and circulation of precious metals and precious stones was created

This article is devoted to the study of the Kalmyk branch of Tibetan medicine — a practically little-studied object of research. This topic was usually considered from a historical and cultural perspective. Meanwhile, the terminology of this subject area is of particular research interest, deserving a holistic description of its various components. The main task is to pose the problem of constructing a Tibetan-Kalmyk-Russian thesaurus of traditional medical terminology, which requires a comprehensive study and systematization of key terms denoting generic objects of research, as well as sections and related disciplines of the subject area “Buddhist Medicine”. Terms are considered through the prism of cluster field approaches, lexical-semantic classification (groups and subgroups) and the linguistic worldview. Research into Buddhist medical vocabulary and terminology is untenable without a deep study of Buddhism itself as a multidimensional phenomenon and a medical fragment of the linguistic picture of the world as the intersection point of two most important sign systems — religion and the language that serves it. The author briefly presents the history of the spread of Tibetan medicine among the Kalmyks, shows the role of the expert on Tibetan medicine Dambo Ulyanov in its study, and his activities in translating the medical treatise “Zhud-shi” into Russian.